Jamie Wells doesn’t want to vote ever again.
The one and only time she did was back in November 2020. That single ballot caused so much stress and turmoil and mounting debt that she will probably never again do it.
Wells, 53, is one of five people charged with election fraud for having a UPS Store listed as their voting address by Fond du Lac County District Attorney Eric Toney — a Republican candidate vying for Wisconsin attorney general who has made voter fraud and election security key issues in his campaign.
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Wells and her husband, who was also charged, could be considered collateral damage of the widespread false belief that massive voter fraud marred the 2020 election. This lie has sparked numerous lawsuits in Wisconsin and a raft of GOP-authored bills seeking to impose voting restrictions — all of them vetoed by Democratic Gov. Tony Evers.
Under Wisconsin law, only residential addresses — where someone actually lives — can be used for voter registration.
Wells said she and her husband didn’t know that using the UPS Store address to vote was a problem. She said she felt motivated to vote for the very first time to reelect then-President Donald Trump.
The couple now faces up to three and a half years in prison and maximum fines of $10,000 each. Wells and her husband also would be barred from voting until they serve their full sentences, including any probation or supervision.
A Wisconsin Watch analysis of the state’s voter rolls found that Wells and the others charged in Fond du Lac County are far from the only people who could unknowingly have listed incorrect voting addresses.
There are 30 UPS Stores in the state, and 117 people have those addresses on their voter registrations. Additionally, a Wisconsin Watch search of 47 U.S. Post Office addresses in Dane and Milwaukee counties, where people can get a P.O. Box, found 44 voters registered at those addresses.
Wells said she and her husband have used that UPS Store in Fond du Lac as their address for decades without a problem. They registered to vote using that address because they didn’t have another one to list.
“But this (prosecutor) here seems to think I’m a criminal,” she said. “And that’s the part that upsets me most of anything.”
Wisconsin Watch found at least one district attorney in Wisconsin who received a similar referral of people using UPS Store addresses to vote. La Crosse County District Attorney Tim Gruenke said he was alerted to 15 people who had voted using these addresses in 2020 by the La Crosse city clerk. Gruenke, a Democrat, declined to prosecute.
“I’m not sure what kind of fraud would be happening,” he said.
Ion Meyn, an assistant law professor at the University of Wisconsin, called the cases against Wells and others in Fond du Lac County “a real abuse of (prosecutorial) discretion.”
Toney did not respond to multiple requests for an interview or answer emailed questions. But in a statement to Wisconsin Watch, he said attorney ethics rules prevent him from commenting on a pending case.
“Elections are cornerstone (sic) of our democracy which must be defended at every turn, not just when you agree with the law or the politics,” he wrote. “I want people (to) exercise their right to vote and ensure they do so lawfully. Wisconsin law requires someone to register to vote where they live, not where they receive mail. That is made clear on voter registration forms.”
Toney touts tough-on-fraud stance
Voter fraud is extremely rare because, among other factors, it’s difficult to do with all of the safeguards and checks in the process. Multiple reviews and audits found no widespread fraud in Wisconsin’s 2020 election — or in any other state.
Local elections clerks in Wisconsin referred 12 cases to prosecutors related to the 2020 general election, out of 3.3 million ballots cast.
But Wells and the others charged in Fond du Lac County were not among them. Toney has said the tip came from Peter Bernegger, a Wisconsin man who has since been fined $2,400 by the Wisconsin Elections Commission for making “frivolous complaints” — including the one against Wells.
Election and criminal law experts questioned the motives behind, and the validity of, the cases against Wells and others. They say prosecutions like these — as well as disinformation about voter fraud and its prevalence — can discourage people from voting and lead to new laws that add unnecessary barriers to voting.
“If a voter can’t trust that an innocent error won’t result in a felony conviction, that might make voters think twice about whether it’s worth it to vote at all,” Marquette University election law expert Atiba Ellis said.
During a February news conference, Toney said there was a public education aspect to his decision to charge.
“It’s important to draw attention to this so people understand how do they vote or register, to make sure that they don’t end up with a referral to a local district attorney that could result in a felony voter fraud charge,” Toney said.
During his introduction at the Republican Party of Wisconsin convention in May, Toney pushed his reputation as “one of the most aggressive prosecutors of election fraud” in the state.
Couple leads mobile life
Wells considers Fond du Lac home, although her Louisiana accent might hint otherwise.
Wells met her husband when he was working in Louisiana, and they married in 1989. A month later they moved to Madison. His work on farms takes him all over the state. Instead of being separated for long periods of time or long drives, they live in a 42-foot pull behind camper.
In an interview with Wisconsin Watch, Wells said while she considers herself a Republican, she and her husband had never been politically active. She didn’t even know Wisconsin was a swing state.
“I just figured Trump could do a better job,” she said. “And I just ain’t a Joe Biden fan. He seems like he might be a nice guy, but I just thought Trump was the better thought.”
So she and her husband registered to vote online, using the same address they had used for decades.
“It never told me nothing (was wrong),” she said.
Then in January, while she was visiting family in Louisiana, Wells got a call from a Fond du Lac police detective.
“I spoke to him, and I told him the exact truth of what happened,” Wells said, adding that she later discovered only through a friend that she and her husband had been criminally charged.
Eliza Sweren-Becker, voting rights and elections expert in the Democracy Program at the Brennan Center for Justice, said when there are instances of misconduct, it’s usually fraud targeting voters — not the other way around.
Ellis, the Marquette expert, agreed, pointing to a recent election fraud scandal in North Carolina involving an alleged absentee ballot-harvesting scheme that caused a 2018 primary election for Congress to be overturned. The Republican operative who was charged died earlier this year while awaiting trial.
That’s what an illegal voting operation looks like, Ellis said, not an innocent mistake by a person who is actually eligible to vote.
Ellis said the choice to prosecute cases involving incorrect votes suggests an effort not to ensure the integrity of elections but to promote a false narrative that there is widespread criminality in the voting process.
“Fraud is about an intent to deceive,” Ellis said. “And the danger in our current election integrity rhetoric is innocent mistakes get swept up and purported as deceptive acts.”
The lie of widespread fraud has consequences: Two-thirds of Wisconsin Republicans told a June Marquette University Law School poll that they have little or no confidence in the legitimacy of President Joe Biden’s election.
However, Sweren-Becker said organized efforts to find voter fraud have mostly come up empty because it’s not widespread and rarely impacts elections.
The new laws and prosecutions are all “a hammer in search of a nail,” she said.
DA refuses to prosecute ‘mistake’
Toney wasn’t the only county prosecutor who had to decide whether to charge voters with a UPS Store address on their registration.
Gruenke, the La Crosse County district attorney, said he reviewed 22 cases referred to his office after the November 2020 election for people who used UPS Store addresses to register, including 15 who voted.
Gruenke gets a handful of referrals for suspected election fraud after major elections. He said he’s charged maybe five people in the past decade, but most referrals involve a simple mistake.
Sometimes someone requests an absentee ballot but then votes in person. Elderly voters who have memory issues may vote at the wrong polling location. Sometimes there’s a mixup due to a common name, like a father and son who are Sr. and Jr.
Like those cases, Gruenke considered the UPS Store-related referrals to be a “mistake” — not fraud.
“There’s no way a jury would say they intentionally did something to fool anybody,” Gruenke said.
‘A really tortured view’ of the law
Meyn, the UW law professor, said for a jury to convict Wells and the others, Toney would need to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that they weren’t eligible to vote — and that they registered knowing they were not qualified to vote.
Nothing in the criminal complaint alleges they were ineligible or knowingly misrepresented where they lived. Meyn said the prosecution appears politically motivated.
“Here you have a prosecutor who is taking a really tortured view, in my mind, of what this provision (in the statute) means,” Meyn said. “I just find that so irresponsible.”
Wells and her attorney are optimistic they’ll win. But even if they do, the episode has already exacted a high cost. The months since Wells was charged have been tough on her, her family and even her marriage. As she awaits trial, Wells said her emotions are “like a roller coaster,” and she often cries.
The couple expects to rack up more than $17,000 in legal bills. Wells said relatives have pitched in to pay for their defense.
“We’re not millionaires, so we’ve had to borrow money,” she said. “… And yeah, (we) still have to pay it all back.”
The nonprofit Wisconsin Watch (www.WisconsinWatch.org) collaborates with WPR, PBS Wisconsin, other news media and the University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Journalism and Mass Communication. All works created, published, posted or disseminated by Wisconsin Watch do not necessarily reflect the views or opinions of UW-Madison or any of its affiliates.
